Overview of Ethernet Technology

Overview of Ethernet Technology Ethernet Network2 Research Assignment Reem Alajmi Introduction Ethernet technology has evolved to meet new bandwidth and market requirements. In addition to computers, Ethernet is now used to interconnect appliances and other personal devices. It is used in industrial applications and is quickly replacing legacy data transmission systems in the worlds telecommunications networks. In this research, we shall discuss interface options for Ethernet and the optical transport network (OTN) beyond 100G. 100G Ethernet technologies give carriers the flexibility to phase in the implementation of thesehigher-speed rates to better align capacity increases with their specific growth and budget strategies. As we will see, 100G single wavelength channel is capable of significant cost reduction for the required component. Also we will have a look into HECTO project. Because of the increasing Ethernet traffic in networks, in this paper you will find some Ethernet services should be scaled by Ethernet infrastructure which will protects the traffic. 100G Ethernet With the reality of 100G ethernet, the community has recently started to increase its ambitions to look into technology beyond 100G. Nowadays, ethernet is keeping up with the plethora of data services that drive exponential network traffic growth between 40 and 90 percent per year. IEEE 802.3 has 10x bit rate scaling by incorporating 40G ethernet into the 100G standard. This way shows us the increasing technology gap between desired ethernet rates and cutting-edge serial transmission bit rate in 100 LAN technologies. For the 100G WAN technologies, they need to accommodate exponentional rising traffic demands increasing per-fiber WDM capacities. In the future, there might be 400G LAN technology. It will likely continue the parallel transmission approach by 100G Ethernet, but the degree of 400G Ethernet is higher comparing to the 100G Ethernet standard. For 400G WAN technology options it must be higher spectral efficiencies to allow increase WDM system capacities. Nowadays,1 Tb/s interface rates differ. 1 T Ethernet and OTN will almost certainly need significantly parallel transport interface in the LAN and in the WAN. High-speed components for 100G Ethernet transmission in one wave length only To transmit 100G b/s on multiple wave length is almost impossible because of the partitioning of the signal and the different speed at which the lower-rate signals propagate through the fiber. So, the transmission of signal at 100 G b/s data rate on one wave length seems to be simple and straight forward by using on-off-keying (OOK). There is also a way to make this transmission works. We can use quadrature phase shift keying with polarization multiplexing and coherent detection. This phase carries the information of 4bits instead of 1bit, but the transmission is very expensive because of the complexity of it. The utilization of four wave length and 25 G b/s for each sub signal is the result of comparing a low number of wave lengths and the low bit rate of the sub signal. HECTO HECTO is the name of a project done by European commission which is the short-term of: (High-speed Electro-optical Components for Integrated Transmitter and Receiver in optical Communications). The idea of this project is to develop the circuits for a rate of 112G b/s with error-free operation. The goal of HECTO is to make 100 Gb/s Ethernet cost efficient components for electrical to optical as well as optical to electrical conversion. These converters should be developed as integrated devices to achieve high-performance devices and cost-efficient technologies. Also the project tries to develop both components in tight cooperation. Dedicated system experiment were planned to investigate the proper interaction between the transmitter component ant the receiver component. The transmitter and the receiver for fiber optical communications should be able to be manufactured as products after completion of the project based on serial 100 GbE signals requiring about 100G b/s. The result achieved by the HECTO consortium would strongly impact the telecommunications industry and overall network-user community. Ethernet aggregation and transport infrastructure OAM Ethernet is now expanding to inter-metro virtual private network (VPN) services as a layer 2 alternative to multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) VPN services. It is poised to become the dominant backhand interface for mobile services with the deployment of fourth generation technology. Service provider Ethernet architectures have evolved because of the increasing volume of Ethernet traffic and broad ended of application for Ethernet. By using platforms that utilized Ethernet ports effectively and provide significant Ethernet aggregation back toward the service edge. Ethernet support OAM tools that enable providers to capitalize the simplicity and flexibility of Ethernet OAM protocol comprise four components: configuration and service provisioning, fault indication, diagnostic functions, and performance monitoring. These protocols operate at different layers within the Ethernet stack: Discovery layer that discover attributes of physical links on network elements Transport layer which is the physical or link layer. It is a link monitoring and remote failure indication. Network layer deals with the forwarding of Ethernet frames based on tunnel identifiers within the frame. It is used as the aggregation component for the services layer. Service layer deals with individual service instances. This layer uses 3 protocols: IFFF 802.1ag , MEF 16 E-LMI ( Ethernet- local Management interface), and 1TU-T Y.1731. it helps operators turn up services and support measurements of performance parameters at the service instance granularity. Ethernet aggregation and transport network must have protection. There are 2 ethernet forwarding mechanisms that provide Ethernet aggregation and transport infrastructure, first: Ethernet aggregation and transport over point-to-point VLAN(s), second: Ethernet-based packet aggregation and transport over IEEE 802.1 Qay(PBB-TE). These mechanisms meet all the functional and availability requirements for Ethernet-based packet aggregation and transport layer and create point-to-point Ethernet networks with no MAC learning and flooding functions enable. Conclusions 100G Ethernet and OTN are employing the highest serial bit rates. For 400G it seems to be available in both LAN and WAN. And for the components developed in HECTO potentially have set the stage for cheaper 100GBE by transmitting on one wave length only with one transceiver instead of using 4 wave lengths. Key Ethernet OAM and protection switching protocols are essential enhancement to evolve Ethernet beyond a simple switch metro enterprise service. References: From IEEE magazines: COMG_20100701_Jul_2010 COMG_20090201_Feb_2009

Gps vs. Gis

GPS vs. GIS Global Positioning System (GPS) is a system that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth. GPS is a constellation of twenty four satellites, each of which orbits Earth once every twelve hours. The U. S. Department of Defense operates and maintains these Global Positioning System satellites. Each satellite contains a high precision atomic clock and several transmitters that constantly send radio signals back to Earth. These signals communicate the satellite’s unique identification code, health, and position in space. Global Positioning Systems and base stations units in the fields receive these satellites and use them to calculate positions. All Global Positioning Systems receivers collect the locations of real world features (represented as points, lines or areas), and some can store descriptive data, or attributes, about these features. (1) Global positioning systems have been fully operational since April 27, 1995. GPS have become widely used worldwide, and a useful tool for map making, land surviving, commerce, scientific uses, tracking and surveillance, and hobbies such as geocaching. Also, the precise time reference is used in many applications including the scientific study of earthquakes and as a required time synchronization method for cellular network protocols . (2) Geographers find GPS to be particularly useful in coding the precise location of objects. That information can later be enters as a layer in geographic information systems. (2) Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic date. 3) Geographic Information Systems allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. A Geographic Information Systems helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared. Geographic Information System technology can be integrated into any enterprise information system framework. GIS is most often as sociated with a map. A map, however, is only one way you can work with geographic data in a Geographic information System, and only one type of product generated by a GIS. A GIS can provide a great deal more problem-solving capabilities than using a simple mapping program or adding data to an online mapping tool. When GIS software was first created, it required powerful computers and extensive training. Now, anyone can develop a desktop map. (3) (1) www. gps. gov (2) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/GPS (3) Rubenstein chapter 1

Women in the Western Genre Essay - 1530 Words

Ever since the early 20th century, there had been several attempts and experimentation in creating a new genre of cinema known as the Western. The first well-known Western movie The Great Train Robbery (1903), while not necessarily being the first ever Western, it is by both film historians and theorists definitely considered the pinnacle of the genre, that got it all started and that would be the first step in creating others similar to it, but also very different. Because it was still an unknown genre in film, there had not yet been established a set of rules as for how to construct films in this new experimental genre so change was to be expected. One of the most significant changes in the genre through the years is how the role of†¦show more content†¦One other Western film that comes to mind when it comes to â€Å"the role and treatment of women† (Shulman ix) is The Virginian, where Molly, an Eastern schoolteacher who comes to Wyoming from a good but rather needy Vermont family faces several conflicts – one all Westerns are typically all too familiar with being the inevitable conflict of the East and West, but it seems as though throughout their interactions with one another it serves as more of a guise for a contest between men and women when Molly proceeds to educate the Virginian, then in turn educating and increasingly dominating her – thus resulting in a â€Å"genteel version of the nineteenth-century war between the sexes† (Shulman ix), and what could also be stated as â€Å"a masculine-feminine contest about responsibility and marriage† (Shulman xxvii) comes to pass upon Mollys arrival. Despite getting to know The Virginian well over the course of the film, Molly is still naà ¯ve when it comes to the attempted newly formed laws and customs of the parts of the West, showing so when she objects to the lynching, but as The Virginian himself explained, despite how greatly it upsets him as well it is something he has to do, because his friend knew of the customs of the country, and that if they did not go through with the lynching the judges wouldnt like it. However, soon Judge Henry overcomes Mollys feminine and Eastern objections, as his three arguments regarding the West and law serve to persuade MollyShow MoreRelatedThe Western as a Film Genre1449 Words   |  6 PagesThe Western as a Genre John Ford’s Stagecoach (United Artists) has been hailed as the official Western Classic. 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Steroids Steroids And Steroids - 1785 Words

Steroids in Baseball â€Å"We have to make some radical move to get the attention of everyone. Cheaters can t win and steroids has put us in the position that it s OK to cheat† (â€Å"Steroids Quotes†). Unfortunately, baseball has been plagued with the assistance of performance enhancing drugs to lengthen players careers, to boost statistics, and create an extraordinary ballplayer out of an average player. Contrary to the steroid abusers’ beliefs, steroids do not positively influence any aspect of their game. The credibility and dignity of baseball has decreased due to performance enhancing drugs, which is not only cheating, but it also leads into a even more serious social case: drug addiction, affecting personal relationships and spiritual†¦show more content†¦Due to the use of performance enhancers, the dignity of the game of baseball has been cushioned and the whole idea of a player being great can no longer be determined due to the fact that they ma y have cheated. Accurate representation of players abilities are hard to determine by statistics due to the enhancers. In essence these athletes present numbers that are lies and in result taint baseball’s record book and history. Steroids may rejuvenate a player’s youthful talent, but statistics show that steroid filled baseball seasons actually show a decline in statistics. It is said that Ramirez â€Å"at age 36 seemed to rejuvenate his health and his swing, playing in all but nine regular-season games and almost doubling his home run output from the previous season, from 20 to 37.† Yes, his abilities were enhanced, but with what benefit? Ramirez may have brought back life and another chance to play the game like he used to, but in the end, his athletic character was denied. I mean nobody will lose respect for a player who starts off as a star and just dies off through the years: it’s called getting old. This process happens, and if you go out with int egrity playing wholeheartedly, not one person will deny your abilities as a ballplayer. Ramirez chose the wrong path though. He was dying off, experiencing the side effects of old age, and he did not like this. He got involved with the steroids, and he loved