Practicum and Application #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Practicum and Application #2 - Essay Example elements of effective teaching that were being assessed included management of the classroom and planning of lessons, and educational psychology (Wubbels, 2012). From all the research carried out, it is undeniable that high standard early education for children makes them better prepared for success in other school subjects, later in their school lives (Kitzman & Gunzenhauser, 2012). This makes teaching at the PK-3 level a specialty, and therefore highly trained teachers with a vast knowledge concerning early childhood management. During the interview, my interviewee was commendable conversant with childhood development. She knew at least 90% of the pupils in her classroom in person and had even developed relations with their parents. The teachers are required to have not only instinctive, but also analytical knowledge concerning the personal development of a child (Ebert & Culver, 2013). This is an aspect that will help a teacher manage her students in the classroom without inflicting psychological harm. Research studies prove that youngsters educated by professionals acquire many benefits that will prepare them for future success. A teacher is required to use teaching methods that will be understood by all students (Wubbels, 2012). My interviewee used teaching methods such as classroom reading and use of literature that was simple enough to be understood by all (Moss & Lapp, 2010). This is in consideration of the possible immigrant students. The learning environment is another factor that should be taken se riously (Kitzman & Gunzenhauser, 2012). The teacher should make effort to enhance the learning environment as much as possible. The teacher should use all types of teaching methods to ensure a vast field of understanding. Some children are better at visual studies than others are, while others capture theoretical teaching habits better. It is therefore important for a kindergarten teacher to apply all these methods where possible to ensure that all the pupils

Physical Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Physical Environment - Essay Example A child being in his early stage of life and mostly in learning phase is affected by the kind of environment where he spends most of his time, if the physical environment is attractive and nicely presentable then it helps the child in building his confidence and develop a taste for neatness and a systematic approach towards any thing that he comes across. If the physical environment is shabby and not presentable enough, it can have negative impact on child's psychology and can thus invoke negative thoughts in him. It can hinder his overall growth as an individual. So the physical environment in the classroom should be designed appropriately so as to cater to needs of teachers as well as students and should have a fruitful impact on the student's mentality and overall growth. Through observation, description, and reflection on their own and P-12 students' prior experience, learning styles, strengths, and needs, the preliminary candidate recognizes that students differ in their approaches to learning. It was a kindergarten class of 10 studen... Do you think that the physical environment is important to student success Why or why not. Definitely the physical environment is one of the basic ingredients of student's success; it is this physical environment only which helps a student To develop his psychology negative or positive, depending upon the type of physical environment he is having in his class. A child being in his early stage of life and mostly in learning phase is affected by the kind of environment where he spends most of his time, if the physical environment is attractive and nicely presentable then it helps the child in building his confidence and develop a taste for neatness and a systematic approach towards any thing that he comes across. If the physical environment is shabby and not presentable enough, it can have negative impact on child's psychology and can thus invoke negative thoughts in him. It can hinder his overall growth as an individual. So the physical environment in the classroom should be designed appropriately so as to cater to needs of teachers as well as students and should have a fruitful impact on the student's mentality and overall growth. Step 3: Learners Mid-Preparation Benchmark 1.2.2 Human Development Mid-Preparation Benchmark 1.2.3 Through observation, description, and reflection on their own and P-12 students' prior experience, learning styles, strengths, and needs, the preliminary candidate recognizes that students differ in their approaches to learning. Objective Description Give an over-all description of the students in the classroom: number, gender, diversity, culture, race, exceptionalities, special needs, socio-economic status, etc. It was a kindergarten class

Overview of Ethernet Technology

Overview of Ethernet Technology Ethernet Network2 Research Assignment Reem Alajmi Introduction Ethernet technology has evolved to meet new bandwidth and market requirements. In addition to computers, Ethernet is now used to interconnect appliances and other personal devices. It is used in industrial applications and is quickly replacing legacy data transmission systems in the worlds telecommunications networks. In this research, we shall discuss interface options for Ethernet and the optical transport network (OTN) beyond 100G. 100G Ethernet technologies give carriers the flexibility to phase in the implementation of thesehigher-speed rates to better align capacity increases with their specific growth and budget strategies. As we will see, 100G single wavelength channel is capable of significant cost reduction for the required component. Also we will have a look into HECTO project. Because of the increasing Ethernet traffic in networks, in this paper you will find some Ethernet services should be scaled by Ethernet infrastructure which will protects the traffic. 100G Ethernet With the reality of 100G ethernet, the community has recently started to increase its ambitions to look into technology beyond 100G. Nowadays, ethernet is keeping up with the plethora of data services that drive exponential network traffic growth between 40 and 90 percent per year. IEEE 802.3 has 10x bit rate scaling by incorporating 40G ethernet into the 100G standard. This way shows us the increasing technology gap between desired ethernet rates and cutting-edge serial transmission bit rate in 100 LAN technologies. For the 100G WAN technologies, they need to accommodate exponentional rising traffic demands increasing per-fiber WDM capacities. In the future, there might be 400G LAN technology. It will likely continue the parallel transmission approach by 100G Ethernet, but the degree of 400G Ethernet is higher comparing to the 100G Ethernet standard. For 400G WAN technology options it must be higher spectral efficiencies to allow increase WDM system capacities. Nowadays,1 Tb/s interface rates differ. 1 T Ethernet and OTN will almost certainly need significantly parallel transport interface in the LAN and in the WAN. High-speed components for 100G Ethernet transmission in one wave length only To transmit 100G b/s on multiple wave length is almost impossible because of the partitioning of the signal and the different speed at which the lower-rate signals propagate through the fiber. So, the transmission of signal at 100 G b/s data rate on one wave length seems to be simple and straight forward by using on-off-keying (OOK). There is also a way to make this transmission works. We can use quadrature phase shift keying with polarization multiplexing and coherent detection. This phase carries the information of 4bits instead of 1bit, but the transmission is very expensive because of the complexity of it. The utilization of four wave length and 25 G b/s for each sub signal is the result of comparing a low number of wave lengths and the low bit rate of the sub signal. HECTO HECTO is the name of a project done by European commission which is the short-term of: (High-speed Electro-optical Components for Integrated Transmitter and Receiver in optical Communications). The idea of this project is to develop the circuits for a rate of 112G b/s with error-free operation. The goal of HECTO is to make 100 Gb/s Ethernet cost efficient components for electrical to optical as well as optical to electrical conversion. These converters should be developed as integrated devices to achieve high-performance devices and cost-efficient technologies. Also the project tries to develop both components in tight cooperation. Dedicated system experiment were planned to investigate the proper interaction between the transmitter component ant the receiver component. The transmitter and the receiver for fiber optical communications should be able to be manufactured as products after completion of the project based on serial 100 GbE signals requiring about 100G b/s. The result achieved by the HECTO consortium would strongly impact the telecommunications industry and overall network-user community. Ethernet aggregation and transport infrastructure OAM Ethernet is now expanding to inter-metro virtual private network (VPN) services as a layer 2 alternative to multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) VPN services. It is poised to become the dominant backhand interface for mobile services with the deployment of fourth generation technology. Service provider Ethernet architectures have evolved because of the increasing volume of Ethernet traffic and broad ended of application for Ethernet. By using platforms that utilized Ethernet ports effectively and provide significant Ethernet aggregation back toward the service edge. Ethernet support OAM tools that enable providers to capitalize the simplicity and flexibility of Ethernet OAM protocol comprise four components: configuration and service provisioning, fault indication, diagnostic functions, and performance monitoring. These protocols operate at different layers within the Ethernet stack: Discovery layer that discover attributes of physical links on network elements Transport layer which is the physical or link layer. It is a link monitoring and remote failure indication. Network layer deals with the forwarding of Ethernet frames based on tunnel identifiers within the frame. It is used as the aggregation component for the services layer. Service layer deals with individual service instances. This layer uses 3 protocols: IFFF 802.1ag , MEF 16 E-LMI ( Ethernet- local Management interface), and 1TU-T Y.1731. it helps operators turn up services and support measurements of performance parameters at the service instance granularity. Ethernet aggregation and transport network must have protection. There are 2 ethernet forwarding mechanisms that provide Ethernet aggregation and transport infrastructure, first: Ethernet aggregation and transport over point-to-point VLAN(s), second: Ethernet-based packet aggregation and transport over IEEE 802.1 Qay(PBB-TE). These mechanisms meet all the functional and availability requirements for Ethernet-based packet aggregation and transport layer and create point-to-point Ethernet networks with no MAC learning and flooding functions enable. Conclusions 100G Ethernet and OTN are employing the highest serial bit rates. For 400G it seems to be available in both LAN and WAN. And for the components developed in HECTO potentially have set the stage for cheaper 100GBE by transmitting on one wave length only with one transceiver instead of using 4 wave lengths. Key Ethernet OAM and protection switching protocols are essential enhancement to evolve Ethernet beyond a simple switch metro enterprise service. References: From IEEE magazines: COMG_20100701_Jul_2010 COMG_20090201_Feb_2009

Gps vs. Gis

GPS vs. GIS Global Positioning System (GPS) is a system that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth. GPS is a constellation of twenty four satellites, each of which orbits Earth once every twelve hours. The U. S. Department of Defense operates and maintains these Global Positioning System satellites. Each satellite contains a high precision atomic clock and several transmitters that constantly send radio signals back to Earth. These signals communicate the satellite’s unique identification code, health, and position in space. Global Positioning Systems and base stations units in the fields receive these satellites and use them to calculate positions. All Global Positioning Systems receivers collect the locations of real world features (represented as points, lines or areas), and some can store descriptive data, or attributes, about these features. (1) Global positioning systems have been fully operational since April 27, 1995. GPS have become widely used worldwide, and a useful tool for map making, land surviving, commerce, scientific uses, tracking and surveillance, and hobbies such as geocaching. Also, the precise time reference is used in many applications including the scientific study of earthquakes and as a required time synchronization method for cellular network protocols . (2) Geographers find GPS to be particularly useful in coding the precise location of objects. That information can later be enters as a layer in geographic information systems. (2) Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic date. 3) Geographic Information Systems allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. A Geographic Information Systems helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared. Geographic Information System technology can be integrated into any enterprise information system framework. GIS is most often as sociated with a map. A map, however, is only one way you can work with geographic data in a Geographic information System, and only one type of product generated by a GIS. A GIS can provide a great deal more problem-solving capabilities than using a simple mapping program or adding data to an online mapping tool. When GIS software was first created, it required powerful computers and extensive training. Now, anyone can develop a desktop map. (3) (1) www. gps. gov (2) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/GPS (3) Rubenstein chapter 1

Women in the Western Genre Essay - 1530 Words

Ever since the early 20th century, there had been several attempts and experimentation in creating a new genre of cinema known as the Western. The first well-known Western movie The Great Train Robbery (1903), while not necessarily being the first ever Western, it is by both film historians and theorists definitely considered the pinnacle of the genre, that got it all started and that would be the first step in creating others similar to it, but also very different. Because it was still an unknown genre in film, there had not yet been established a set of rules as for how to construct films in this new experimental genre so change was to be expected. One of the most significant changes in the genre through the years is how the role of†¦show more content†¦One other Western film that comes to mind when it comes to â€Å"the role and treatment of women† (Shulman ix) is The Virginian, where Molly, an Eastern schoolteacher who comes to Wyoming from a good but rather needy Vermont family faces several conflicts – one all Westerns are typically all too familiar with being the inevitable conflict of the East and West, but it seems as though throughout their interactions with one another it serves as more of a guise for a contest between men and women when Molly proceeds to educate the Virginian, then in turn educating and increasingly dominating her – thus resulting in a â€Å"genteel version of the nineteenth-century war between the sexes† (Shulman ix), and what could also be stated as â€Å"a masculine-feminine contest about responsibility and marriage† (Shulman xxvii) comes to pass upon Mollys arrival. Despite getting to know The Virginian well over the course of the film, Molly is still naà ¯ve when it comes to the attempted newly formed laws and customs of the parts of the West, showing so when she objects to the lynching, but as The Virginian himself explained, despite how greatly it upsets him as well it is something he has to do, because his friend knew of the customs of the country, and that if they did not go through with the lynching the judges wouldnt like it. However, soon Judge Henry overcomes Mollys feminine and Eastern objections, as his three arguments regarding the West and law serve to persuade MollyShow MoreRelatedThe Western as a Film Genre1449 Words   |  6 PagesThe Western as a Genre John Ford’s Stagecoach (United Artists) has been hailed as the official Western Classic. Released in 1939 after the lull in production of Westerns caused by the advent of sound and The Great Depression during the mid 1930’s, it is considered one of the key films that helped revived the A-Western in the 1940’s prior to WWII. Stagecoach has the classic Western recipe. The main staple of that recipe in Stagecoach were authentically dressed cowboys and town folk, the dressRead MoreThe Good, The Bad And The Ugly825 Words   |  4 PagesAnd The Ugly A genre in a film uses familiar story formulas, character types, settings and all of which lead viewers to have a certain perception about what the movie will be like before actually watching it (Goodykoontz, B., Jacobs, 2014). In many instances, genres produce an explanation of the film. Evidently, this paper focuses on westerns as the main theme; this movie depicts notions of molarity tales, ironic tales and describes the notion of a classical look of the old western times. AdditionallyRead MoreBrokeback Mountain and the Western Genre Essay1000 Words   |  4 Pages The film genre of the Western has long since proven to be more about the conflict and showdowns that occur in the storyline. Usually the western genre incorporates traditional western motifs and icons and adheres to those common plot structures of the genre, but Brokeback Mountain is different from what is to be normally expected because it does not seem like a traditional and conventional Western film at all. Brokeback Mountain has several different twists to it, like the more modernRead MoreCodes and Conventions of Genres Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesCodes and Conventions of Genres A genre is a particular type of commodity . It has characteristic features that are known to and recognised by the audiences because the same formula is reproduced many times. Genre is a French word meaning that refers to types or categories of media products. Soap operas, situation comedies, police series, quiz shows and news programmes are just some of the genres to be found in television. Genres are identified by the particular conventionsRead MoreTHE FORGOTTEN HISTORY OF THE WESTERN CINEMA1400 Words   |  6 PagesTHE FORGOTTEN HISTORY OF THE WESTERN CINEMA The western movies are film genre where the scene generally takes place in North America during the American conquest of the West in the last decades of the nineteenth century. This genre appears since the invention of the cinema in 1985 finding its inspiration from literature and painting arts of the American Wild West. This genre reached its first success in the mid-twentieth century during the golden age of Hollywood studios, before it had being reinventedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Django Unchained 1313 Words   |  6 Pages and immigrants of varying origins. As such, modern westerns have chosen this aspect as a point of subversions with examples such as Blazing Saddles (1974), Django Unchained (2012), and The Magnificent Seven (2016). Blazing Saddles serves as a merging of the Ranch and Marshal narratives and is ostensibly meant to shed light on the absurdity of racism but also manages to provide a scathing critique of a common archetype of the Classical Western: the Rancher . â€Å"These are people of the land,† says GeneRead MoreCowboys and Aliens Directed by Jon Favreau1268 Words   |  5 PagesCowboys and Aliens (2011) directed by Jon Favreau, takes place in a Western style setting in New Mexico territory. Jake Lonergan (Daniel Craig) wakes up in the middle of the desert severely injured with no recollection as to why he is in pain. At this point he notices the scientific and advanced technology attached to his wrist. This strange mechanical device immediately incorporates the science fiction aspect to a clearly western style film. After killing three men who were attempting to attack himRead MoreThe Expansion Of The Frontier And The Relationship Among The Native Americans908 Words   |  4 Pageseach representing a distinct social status in western history,† and that â€Å"this clash of classes and misfit characters provide a perfect set up for social commentary about diverse societies.† The western hero possesses a sense of r esilience that allows him to outsmart a group of outlaws. In earlier western films, Native Americans were viewed as savages and ethnic groups were viewed as ignorant due to the lack of political correctness. Like most early western films, violence was utilized in place of punishmentRead MoreLiterary Analysis : Modern Detective Fiction1573 Words   |  7 Pagesmedia in recent decades as detective serve as reflections of cultural assumptions and values conveyed through the genre. Authors of new innovative storylines with unique characterizations and revitalizations of classic, ageless characters coincide to present new shift messages about crimes, the human element, and the detective. The comparable and divergent adaptations of detective genre is coming when comparing sociocultural messages from opposite ends of the globe, to identify new relevancy with uniqueRead MoreThe Wild West Rides Into The Sunset Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pagespossibility that you were reading a classic Western. Many readers of this genre would describe its stereotyp es as what I listed above. You can almost always find that protagonist cowboy hero, who tends to be a good-looking and sharp character that fights the dirty, rugged, evil villain in an epic climax while trying to save his gorgeous and innocent lady. The setting is often a flat, unpopulated, and undeveloped town, surrounded by mountains. The Western genre played a large role in developing the history

Steroids Steroids And Steroids - 1785 Words

Steroids in Baseball â€Å"We have to make some radical move to get the attention of everyone. Cheaters can t win and steroids has put us in the position that it s OK to cheat† (â€Å"Steroids Quotes†). Unfortunately, baseball has been plagued with the assistance of performance enhancing drugs to lengthen players careers, to boost statistics, and create an extraordinary ballplayer out of an average player. Contrary to the steroid abusers’ beliefs, steroids do not positively influence any aspect of their game. The credibility and dignity of baseball has decreased due to performance enhancing drugs, which is not only cheating, but it also leads into a even more serious social case: drug addiction, affecting personal relationships and spiritual†¦show more content†¦Due to the use of performance enhancers, the dignity of the game of baseball has been cushioned and the whole idea of a player being great can no longer be determined due to the fact that they ma y have cheated. Accurate representation of players abilities are hard to determine by statistics due to the enhancers. In essence these athletes present numbers that are lies and in result taint baseball’s record book and history. Steroids may rejuvenate a player’s youthful talent, but statistics show that steroid filled baseball seasons actually show a decline in statistics. It is said that Ramirez â€Å"at age 36 seemed to rejuvenate his health and his swing, playing in all but nine regular-season games and almost doubling his home run output from the previous season, from 20 to 37.† Yes, his abilities were enhanced, but with what benefit? Ramirez may have brought back life and another chance to play the game like he used to, but in the end, his athletic character was denied. I mean nobody will lose respect for a player who starts off as a star and just dies off through the years: it’s called getting old. This process happens, and if you go out with int egrity playing wholeheartedly, not one person will deny your abilities as a ballplayer. Ramirez chose the wrong path though. He was dying off, experiencing the side effects of old age, and he did not like this. He got involved with the steroids, and he loved

The Morality Of Euthanasia And Euthanasia - 1350 Words

The morality of euthanasia continues to be a controversial topic. Its subject matter, death, is shrouded in emotional feelings that often obscure the logical appraisal of the subject. For opponents of euthanasia, passive and active euthanasia are seen as distinct and subject to different morality rulings. According to Vaughn â€Å"Active euthanasia is said to involve performing an action that directly causes someone to die†¦ Passive euthanasia is allowing someone to die by not doing something that would prolong life† (595). In other words, active euthanasia is seen as killing someone while passive euthanasia is seen as simply letting him or her die. This distinction, killing versus letting die, is what is said to constitute the immorality of active euthanasia. It is my belief, however, that there is no moral difference between passive and active euthanasia and both should be considered moral. One of the major proponents of the lack of distinction between passive and acti ve euthanasia is James Rachels. Rachels argues that â€Å"the bare difference between killing and letting die does not, in itself, make a moral difference† (Vaughn 651). I agree that because the action is different does not necessarily mean that the morality is different. Both of them are the same in that they are the intentionally killing someone. Letting a person die is often seen as a moral high ground because there is no action taken to bring about the death. However, in taking a person off of life support orShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia And Morality1627 Words   |  7 PagesDenise Maranhao Professor Joseph Anderson Ethics across the professions November 29, 2014 Euthanasia (Euthanasia and morality) Could you pull the plug? Is mercy killing considered murder and should it be illegal under each and every circumstance? There are many questions and even more controversies when it comes to euthanasia and assisted suicide. There are those who believe euthanasia is immoral regardless of the situation, it is illegal and therefore always wrong. But most people have never beenRead MoreThe Morality Of Voluntary Euthanasia1563 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia, defined as the act of â€Å"putting a person to painless death especially in case of incurable suffering,† is a controversial subject surrounded by many moral dilemmas (Murkey, 2008). Although euthanasia is the overarching term used to describe the act itself, within it are three principal forms: voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary, each of which pertains to case specific issues. Following The Supreme Court’s recent decision deeming Canada’s controversial law against physician-assistedRead MoreThe Morality o f Euthanasia Essay1414 Words   |  6 PagesThe Morality of Euthanasia Technology has brought about drastic changes in the morality of today’s society. One organization it has greatly effected is the medical field. Few would argue with the fact that medical technology has greatly improved the quality of life. However, with doctors and other health care workers having the authority to contribute to both the patients’ well-being and inevitable death, society believes there should be limits to best serve the patient’s wishes. TheRead MoreThe Debate Concerning The Morality Of Euthanasia915 Words   |  4 PagesAmericans , arguably more than any other nationality, have a right to their opinion and there exists few subjects that generate more opinions than does euthanasia. The debate concerning the morality of euthanasia parsimoniously rests on the moral assessment of whether or not the physician intentionally kills or intentionally let die the patient. An assumption has been perpetuated that there is a line of demarcation betwe en intending to let die and intending to kill. This pseudo-practical barrierRead MoreThe Morality Of Euthanasia By James Rachels1086 Words   |  5 PagesID: 3339147 Active Euthanasia Does James Rachels in â€Å"The Morality of Euthanasia† successfully argue that in at least some cases active euthanasia is morally acceptable? Explain his view and respond to it. In this essay, we are going to analyze the main ideas included in â€Å"The Morality of Euthanasia† by James Rachels to provide a response to the following question: Does James Rachels in â€Å"The Morality of Euthanasia† successfully argue that in at least some cases active euthanasia is morally acceptableRead MorePurpose of a Living Will and the Morality of Euthanasia829 Words   |  4 Pagesmedical treatments. Euthanasia, also called assisted suicide, or physician-assisted suicide, offers one of many options for terminal-ill patients or those with intractable pain. Many infer euthanasia as the action that brings about the end of a patient’s life because it has been decided they would be better off dead. Since euthanasia involves killing another person, voluntarily or not, a virtuous person considers euthanasia acceptable. There are two main categories of euthanasia, voluntary (conductedRead MoreThe Morality Of Euthanasia And The Application Of Utilitarianism1213 Words   |  5 PagesThe Morality of Euthanasia and the Application of Utilitarianism. Introduction When a patient is in immense amounts of pain from a terminal illness, one of the options to relieve a person from the pain is euthanasia. Euthanasia is seen as a controversial and moral issue because of the different viewpoints. Euthanasia is seen by some as killing, while others see it as removing a person from immense amounts of pain. This paper will first discuss the principles of utilitarianism through BenthamRead MoreEssay on The Morality of Euthanasia1765 Words   |  8 Pagesas heated as euthanasia. Euthanasia comes from the Greek word meaning good death. Euthanasia is the practice of ending the life of a person either by lethal injection or the suspension of medical treatment. Most religious beliefs say that God is the only one that has the right to decide the termination of any life. Euthanasia should be a person’s right of choice legally and ethically. People are faced with choices on a daily basis throughout their lives. Having the choice of euthanasia allows a q uickRead MoreEuthanasia: Utiliarianism and Morality of Death Essay1945 Words   |  8 Pagesperson be in the pain when they leave their physical form? Euthanasia, or assisted suicide, gives a person the chance the take the ending of their life into their own hands and make, an otherwise undefined, decision of how he/she would want their final moments to be. In this paper I plan to display that based on the utilitarian perspective, Rachels’ writings, and contemplating human rights constructed from a governmental outlook, that euthanasia is just and morally acceptable and should be consideredRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?907 Words   |  4 PagesHippocratic Oath†), directly refuting the morality of voluntary active euthanasia, which is a highly contentious issue in the United States. Voluntary active euthanasia is currently illegal in the United States. However, I believe that patients with terminal illnesses experiencing a lot of pain and misery should have t he right to die the way they choose, with dignity, instead of being subjected to agony. People should be able to choose voluntary active euthanasia, if ever need be, which is why I believe